Hari Peringatan (Remembrance Day)

Hari Peringatan - juga dikenal sebagai Hari Poppy, Hari Gencatan Senjata (peristiwa itu memperingati) atau Hari Veteran - adalah hari untuk memperingati pengorbanan anggota angkatan bersenjata dan warga sipil di masa perang, khususnya sejak Perang Dunia Pertama. Hal ini diamati di 11 November untuk mengingat akhir Perang Dunia I pada tanggal tersebut pada tahun 1918. (Mayor permusuhan Perang Dunia I berakhir secara resmi pada 11 jam dari 11 hari dalam 11 bulan tahun 1918 dengan penandatanganan Jerman Gencatan Senjata.) Hari ini secara khusus didedikasikan oleh Raja George V, di 7 November 1919, ke ketaatan anggota angkatan bersenjata yang terbunuh selama perang, kemungkinan hal ini juga dilakukan atas usul Edward George Honey Tudor Wellesley Kutub, yang mendirikan dua periode upacara peringatan didasarkan pada peristiwa di tahun 1917.

Ketaatan di Persemakmuran

Hari Peringatan, London, 2006.

Common Inggris, Kanada, Afrika Selatan, dan tradisi ANZAC mencakup dua menit diam pada jam sebelas hari kesebelas dari bulan kesebelas (11:00, 11 November), sebagai yang menandai waktu (di Britania Raya), ketika gencatan senjata menjadi efektif.

Layanan of Remembrance di banyak negara-negara Persemakmuran umumnya termasuk bunyi dari "Post terakhir," diikuti oleh dua menit diam, diikuti oleh bunyi dari "bangun pagi" (atau, lebih umum, "The Rouse"), dan diselesaikan oleh seorang Membaca "Ode of Remembrance." The "Bunga Hutan", "Wahai Valiant Hearts", "Sumpah aku kepada-Mu, My Country" dan "Yerusalem" sering dimainkan selama layanan. Layanan juga termasuk meletakkan karangan bunga untuk menghormati yang jatuh, berkat, dan lagu-lagu kebangsaan.

Australia

Hari Peringatan di Australia selalu diamati di 11 November, meskipun hari ini bukan hari libur umum. Layanan yang diadakan di 11 berperang kenangan dan sekolah di pinggiran kota dan kota-kota di seluruh negeri, di mana "Last Post" dibunyikan oleh seorang peniup selompret dan satu-menit keheningan yang diamati. Pada dekade belakangan ini, bagaimanapun, Hari Peringatan telah sebagian terhalang oleh ANZAC Day (25 April) sebagai hari nasional peringatan perang.
Barbados

Di Barbados, Hari Peringatan bukan hari libur umum. Hal ini diakui sebagai olah Peringatan November 11 Minggu biasanya akan berisi parade dan acara seremonial. Hari dirayakan bagi Barbadians prajurit yang meninggal dalam pertempuran dalam Perang Dunia I dan Perang Dunia II antara tahun 1914 hingga 1918 dan 1939-1945. Parade diadakan di National Heroes 'Square di mana layanan Interdenominational diadakan. Gubernur-Jenderal dan Perdana Menteri Barbados hadir bersama dengan pejabat pemerintah lainnya, dan kepala polisi dan pasukan militer. Wreathes, doa, dan memberi hormat senjata juga diberikan untuk prajurit jatuh di Cenotaph peringatan perang di pusat of Heroes 'Square.
Bermuda

Remembrance Day Parade, Hamilton, Bermuda, 1991.

Di Bermuda, yang dikirim relawan kolonial pertama unit ke Front Barat pada 1915, dan yang lebih banyak orang per kapita dalam seragam selama Perang Dunia II daripada bagian lain dari Kekaisaran, Hari Peringatan masih merupakan hari libur penting. Pawai di Hamilton telah historis yang besar dan berwarna-warni satu, sebagai kontingen dari Royal Navy, Inggris Reguler Angkatan Darat, unit Teritorial lokal, Canadian Forces, US Army, Air Force, dan Angkatan Laut, dan berbagai korps kadet dan layanan lainnya semua memberikan kontribusi pada suatu waktu atau lain berbaris dengan para veteran. Karena penutupan Inggris, Kanada, dan basis Amerika pada tahun 1995, parade telah hampir tumbuh lebih kecil. Selain upacara yang diadakan di Kota Hamilton di Hari Peringatan itu sendiri, berbaris ke Cenotaph (replika yang lebih kecil dari satu di London), di mana wreathes yang lain dan pidato dibuat, parade militer yang lebih kecil juga diadakan di St George's pada hari Minggu terdekat Hari Peringatan.
Kanada

Di Kanada, Hari Peringatan adalah hari libur umum, serta menjadi perundang-undangan di mana-mana kecuali hari libur Ontario, Quebec, Newfoundland dan Labrador, dan Northwest Territories. Upacara nasional yang resmi diadakan di National War Memorial di Ottawa, dipimpin oleh Gubernur Jenderal Kanada, setiap anggota Keluarga Kerajaan Kanada (seperti Pangeran Charles, Pangeran Wales, pada tahun 2009), Perdana Menteri, dan lain-lain pejabat, untuk kepatuhan terhadap publik. Biasanya, acara ini dimulai dengan berdentang dari Carillon di Peace Tower, yang selama melayani anggota dari Canadian Forces (CF) tiba di Konfederasi Square, diikuti oleh korps diplomatik Ottawa, Menteri Mahkota, tamu istimewa, Royal Canadian Legion (RCL), yang viceregal pesta, dan, jika ada, partai kerajaan. Sebelum memulai upacara, empat penjaga bersenjata dan tiga penjaga - penjaga dua bendera dan satu panti lain - yang ditempatkan di kaki cenotaph.

Poppies yang diletakkan di Makam Prajurit Tak Dikenal di Hari Peringatan di Ottawa.

Kedatangan Ratu atau Gubernur Jenderal diumumkan oleh membunyikan trompet "Alert", dimana raja atau raja muda ini dipenuhi oleh Presiden Dominion RCL dan diantar ke mimbar untuk menerima atau Viceregal Royal Salute, setelah itu nasional lagu kebangsaan, "Wahai Kanada," dimainkan. Saat zikir dimulai dengan bugling dari "Last Post" segera sebelum 11:00, pada saat memberi hormat senjata api dan lonceng Perdamaian tol Menara jam. Salute senapan lain sinyal akhir dua menit diam, dan isyarat memainkan sebuah ratapan, dan kemudian bugling "The Rouse". Sebuah flypast Komando Udara Kanada kerajinan kemudian terjadi pada awal 21 senjata memberi hormat, setelah selesainya paduan suara yang menyanyikan "In Flanders Fields". Berbagai pihak kemudian meletakkan karangan bunga di dasar memorial; satu karangan bunga yang ditetapkan oleh Silver Cross Ibu, penerima baru-baru ini Monumen Salib, atas nama semua ibu yang kehilangan anak-anak di mana pun di Kanada konflik bersenjata. Kerajaan dan / atau grup viceregal kembali ke mimbar untuk menerima permainan dari Royal Lagu Kebangsaan Kanada, "God Save The Queen", sebelum berkumpul personel ABRI dan veteran masa lalu melakukan pawai di depan kerajaan dan / atau viceregal orang, membawa tentang akhir upacara resmi. Sebuah tradisi yang lebih pribadi membayar upeti kepada pengorbanan orang-orang yang telah dilayani dan kehilangan nyawa untuk membela negara telah muncul sejak pendirian Makam Prajurit Tak Dikenal di War Memorial di 2000: setelah upacara resmi tempat masyarakat umum poppies mereka di atas makam.

Hari Peringatan militer parade di Ottawa.

Upacara serupa terjadi di ibu kota propinsi di seluruh negeri, diresmikan oleh Gubernur Letnan yang relevan, dan juga di kota-kota lain, kota, dan bahkan hotel atau kantor pusat perusahaan. Sekolah biasanya akan mengadakan majelis khusus untuk pertama setengah hari, atau pada hari sekolah sebelumnya, dengan berbagai presentasi mengenai perang mengingat mati. Upacara indoor terbesar di Kanada saat ini sedang diselenggarakan di Montreal, Quebec, ukuran diikuti oleh yang diadakan di Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, dengan lebih dari 8.500 berkumpul di Credit Union Centre di 2008; peserta upacara termasuk penjaga tua (veteran), penjaga baru (saat ini melayani anggota CF), dan laut, tentara, dan unit kadet udara.

Selandia Baru

Selandia Baru hari nasional zikir adalah Anzac Day, 25 April. "Poppy Day" biasanya terjadi pada hari Jumat sebelum Anzac Day. Beberapa layanan akan diselenggarakan di 11 November, yang umumnya disebut sebagai Hari Gencatan Senjata.

Afrika Selatan

Di Afrika Selatan, Poppy Hari bukan hari libur umum. Itu terjadi pada hari Sabtu Hari Peringatan terdekat, meskipun di Cape Town Layanan yang mengingat masih diselenggarakan di 11 November setiap tahun. Upacara peringatan ini biasanya diadakan pada hari Minggu berikutnya, di mana "Last Post" dimainkan oleh seorang peniup selompret diikuti dengan pengamatan dua menit keheningan. Dua terbesar upacara peringatan untuk menandai peristiwa di Afrika Selatan yang diselenggarakan di Johannesburg pada Cenotaph (di mana telah diadakan selama 84 tahun berturut-turut), dan di War Memorial di Union Buildings di Pretoria. Banyak sekolah tinggi mengadakan Hari Peringatan layanan untuk menghormati masa lalu murid yang meninggal dalam dua Perang Dunia dan perang perbatasan. Selain itu, Legiun Afrika Selatan memegang koleksi jalan untuk mengumpulkan dana untuk membantu dalam pekerjaan kesejahteraan di kalangan para veteran militer.

Kerajaan Inggris

Di Britania Raya, meskipun dua menit keheningan yang diamati di 11 November itu sendiri, ketaatan utama adalah pada hari Minggu kedua November, mengingat hari Minggu. Upacara yang diadakan di peringatan perang lokal, biasanya diselenggarakan oleh cabang lokal dari Royal British Legion - sebuah asosiasi untuk mantan prajurit. Biasanya, poppy karangan bunga diletakkan oleh perwakilan dari Crown, angkatan bersenjata, dan para pemimpin masyarakat lokal, dan juga oleh organisasi lokal termasuk mantan prajurit organisasi, kadet kekuatan, Pramuka, Guides, Boys 'Brigade, St John Ambulance dan Salvation Army. Awal dan akhir keheningan sering juga ditandai dengan tembakan meriam. Satu menit atau dua menit 'diam juga sering dimasukkan ke dalam pelayanan gereja, dan bahkan lokasi sehari-hari seperti supermarket dan bank dapat mengundang para pelanggan dan staf untuk jatuh diam pada jam 11:00 pagi.

Nasional utama peringatan ini diadakan di Whitehall, di Central London, untuk pejabat, masyarakat, dan seremonial detasemen dari angkatan bersenjata dan berseragam sipil layanan seperti Merchant Angkatan Laut, Her Majesty's Coastguard, dll Anggota Keluarga Kerajaan Inggris berjalan melalui Foreign and Commonwealth Office menuju Cenotaph, perakitan ke kanan monumen untuk menunggu Big Ben untuk menyerang 11:00, dan untuk King's Troop, Royal Horse Kuda Pengawal Artileri di Parade, untuk menembakkan meriam menandai dimulainya dua menit keheningan. Berikut ini, "Last Post" dibunyikan oleh Royal buglers Marinir. "The Rouse" ini kemudian terdengar oleh peniup terompet dari Royal Air Force, setelah itu, untuk "Beethoven's Pemakaman Maret" (disusun oleh Johann Heinrich Walch), karangan bunga diletakkan oleh peserta dengan urutan sebagai berikut: Ratu; anggota senior Keluarga kerajaan hadir dalam seragam militer; Perdana Menteri; para pemimpin partai politik besar dari semua bagian dari Britania Raya; Persemakmuran Komisaris Tinggi ke London, atas nama negara masing-masing; Menteri Luar Negeri, atas nama Dependensi Inggris; Kepala Staf Pertahanan; Laut Pertama Tuhan Kepala Staf Umum, sedangkan Kepala Staf Udara; perwakilan pedagang armada Angkatan Laut dan Perikanan dan pedagang layanan udara. Junior anggota Keluarga Kerajaan biasanya menonton layanan dari balkon Kementerian Luar Negeri. Layanan ini umumnya dilakukan oleh Uskup London, dengan paduan suara dari Chapels Royal, di hadapan wakil-wakil dari semua agama besar di Inggris Raya. Sebelum berbaris dimulai, para anggota keluarga kerajaan dan publik menyanyikan lagu kebangsaan sebelum Royal Delegasi memimpin keluar setelah layanan utama.

Anggota Pasukan Cadangan dan bergabung dalam organisasi kadet dengan berbaris, bersama relawan dari St John Ambulans, paramedis dari London Ambulance Service, dan konflik para veteran dari Perang Dunia II, Falklands, Kosovo, Bosnia, Irlandia Utara, konflik masa lalu lain, dan konflik yang sedang berlangsung di Afghanistan dan Irak. Terakhir tiga penduduk Inggris veteran Perang Dunia I, Bill Stone, Henry Allingham, dan Harry Patch, menghadiri upacara tetapi semua 2008 meninggal pada tahun 2009. Setelah pelayanan, ada parade veteran, yang juga meletakkan karangan bunga di kaki Cenotaph ketika mereka lulus, dan memberi hormat diambil oleh seorang anggota keluarga kerajaan di Horse Guards Parade.

Luar Commonwealth

Perancis dan Belgia

Hari Gencatan Senjata (11 November) adalah hari libur nasional di Perancis dan Belgia. Ini memperingati gencatan senjata ditandatangani antara Sekutu dan Jerman pada Compiègne, Perancis, untuk penghentian permusuhan di Front Barat, yang mulai berlaku pada pukul sebelas pagi - yang "jam sebelas hari kesebelas dari bulan kesebelas. "
Jerman

Di Jerman, Peringatan Hari Gencatan Senjata atau tidak diperingati. Selain itu, 11 November akan dianggap sebagai tanggal yang tidak sesuai seperti liburan, karena secara tradisional menandai awal sebuah karnaval Jerman. Namun, Volkstrauertag diperingati. Awalnya ini pada kelima hari Minggu sebelum Paskah, tetapi sejak tahun 1952, telah dirayakan dua hari Minggu sebelum awal Adven. Ini tidak pernah dirayakan di gereja karena kedua gereja-gereja Jerman utama memiliki festival mereka sendiri untuk memperingati orang mati (All Souls Hari dalam kasus Gereja Katolik Roma, Ewigkeitssonntag, atau "Eternity Minggu" dalam kasus gereja Lutheran. Kedua festival juga jatuh pada bulan November.)

Italia

Di Italia, prajurit yang mati untuk bangsa yang ingat pada 4 November, ketika gencatan senjata yang mengikuti Gencatan Senjata Villa Giusti pada tahun 1918 dimulai. Sejak 1977, hari ini belum hari libur umum, sekarang, banyak layanan yang diadakan pada hari Minggu pertama November.

Irlandia

Di Republik Irlandia, Peringatan Hari Gencatan Senjata atau bukan hari libur umum. Pada bulan Juli ada Hari Nasional Irlandia Peringatan bagi pria dan wanita yang meninggal dalam perang masa lalu atau layanan dengan Pasukan Penjaga Perdamaian Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa. Hari Peringatan diamati oleh warga negara Republik yang melayani atau mereka yang bertugas di Angkatan Bersenjata Inggris dan Irlandia Protestan yang lebih luas masyarakat sebagai bagian dari tradisi dan warisan mereka. Republik adalah sebuah negara netral dan memiliki pasukan kecil yang terlibat dalam misi penjaga perdamaian PBB, beberapa warga negara Republik Irlandia masih bergabung dengan tentara Inggris. Nasional Irlandia War Memorial Gardens adalah peringatan perang Irlandia di Dublin yang didedikasikan untuk memori Irlandia dari 49.400 prajurit yang terbunuh dalam peperangan di Perang Dunia I. Peringatan Minggu adalah di Republik ditandai dengan sebuah upacara di St Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin, yang Presiden Irlandia hadir.

Amerika Serikat

Hari Veteran diperingati di Amerika Serikat di 11 November, dan merupakan hari libur baik federal dan negara bagian hari libur di semua negara bagian. Namun, fungsi ketaatan lebih erat di tempat lain sesuai dengan Memorial Day pada bulan Mei. Di Amerika Serikat, dan beberapa negara serumpun, 11 November ini sebelumnya dikenal sebagai Hari Gencatan Senjata; di Amerika Serikat itu diberikan nama baru setelah berakhirnya Perang Dunia II. Sebagian besar sekolah, terutama lebih menengah dan sekolah tinggi dibandingkan dengan beberapa sekolah dasar, di seluruh Amerika Serikat terus majelis-majelis yang biasanya pada hari sekolah sebelumnya, dengan berbagai presentasi mengakui guru dan anggota staf yang bertugas di salah satu dari lima cabang dari Angkatan Bersenjata Amerika Serikat, sebagai serta mengingat pasukan AS yang meninggal dalam perang masa lalu dan masa kini, dan beberapa patriotik oleh sebuah sekolah musik paduan suara, band dan / atau orkestra, termasuk lagu dari musik yang digunakan sebagai penghargaan kepada pasukan (misalnya, "Bawa Dia Home" dari Les Miserables).

Anglikan dan Katolik Roma

Untuk Anglikan dan Katolik Roma, ada suatu kebetulan, tetapi tepat Hari Peringatan tumpang tindih dengan pesta St Martin dari Tours, seorang santo terkenal menyisihkan hidupnya sebagai seorang prajurit dan berbelok ke penuh perdamaian kehidupan biarawan. Patung atau gambar yang berhubungan dengan St Martin adalah untuk alasan ini kadang-kadang digunakan sebagai simbol dari Hari Peringatan dalam konteks keagamaan (misalnya Katedral Anglikan Montreal).

Poppies

The poppy's signifikansi untuk Hari Peringatan adalah hasil dari dokter militer Kanada John McCrae's puisi Dalam Flanders Fields. Poppy lambang yang dipilih karena bunga poppy yang mekar di beberapa medan pertempuran terburuk dari Flanders dalam Perang Dunia I, warna merah simbol yang sesuai untuk pertumpahan darah dari perang parit. Luar Negeri Amerika Perang YMCA Sekretaris karyawan, Moina Michael, terinspirasi untuk membuat sutra 25 McCrae poppies didasarkan pada puisi, yang dibagikan kepada peserta dari Perang Overseas YMCA Sekretaris Konferensi. Dia kemudian berusaha memiliki poppy diadopsi sebagai simbol nasional zikir, dan berhasil memiliki Legiun Amerika Nasional Konperensi menerima itu dua tahun kemudian. Pada konferensi ini, seorang Prancis, Anna E. Guérin, terinspirasi untuk memperkenalkan secara luas digunakan poppies buatan diberikan hari ini. Pada tahun 1921 ia mengirim dia poppy penjual ke London, Inggris, di mana mereka diadopsi oleh Field Marshall Douglas Haig, seorang pendiri dari Royal British Legion, dan juga oleh para veteran 'kelompok-kelompok di Kanada, Australia dan Selandia Baru.

Sejumlah kecil orang memilih untuk mengenakan bunga poppy putih, yang mereka mengklaim menekankan keinginan untuk damai alternatif untuk aksi militer. Beberapa orang menganggap ini sebagai ofensif.

Royal Canadian Legion menunjukkan bahwa poppies dipakai di kerah kiri, atau sebagai dekat dengan jantung mungkin.

Kanada

Di Kanada, opium adalah simbol resmi zikir dikenakan selama dua minggu sebelum 11 November, setelah telah diadopsi pada tahun 1921.

Poppies Kanada terdiri dari dua lembar plastik ditutup dengan berkelompok dengan jarum untuk melampirkannya ke pakaian. Kepala bagian pin membungkuk pada sudut yang tidak biasa dalam desain sederhana yang membutuhkan mesin unik di manufaktur. Awalnya bunga poppy yang diproduksi dengan pusat hitam sejak desain asli mereka pada tahun 1922. Dari tahun 1980 sampai tahun 2002, pusat-pusat berubah menjadi hijau untuk mewakili perbukitan hijau dari Flanders. Desain saat ini hanya berwarna hitam; reversi ini menyebabkan kebingungan dan kontroversi penting untuk mereka yang tidak terbiasa dengan rancangan aslinya.

Poppy desain yang lebih tua, yang digunakan sampai c. 1970, melibatkan tiga potong: merah, maka potongan hitam dalam gaya saat ini, tetapi terbuat dari merasa, maka lingkaran kecil hijau terasa di pusat sangat.

Sampai tahun 1996, poppies dibuat oleh cacat veteran di Kanada, tetapi mereka telah sejak dibuat oleh kontraktor swasta.

Pada tahun 2007, stiker versi poppy dikembangkan untuk anak-anak, orang tua, dan perawatan kesehatan dan industri makanan pekerja. Stiker yang tidak dirancang untuk menggantikan pin kerah poppies, tapi hanya untuk memungkinkan mereka yang tidak bisa biasanya memakai satu untuk melakukannya dengan aman.

Kerajaan Inggris

Di Inggris, Wales, dan Irlandia Utara kertas bunga poppy adalah wakil-wakil dari flat Earl Haig varietas dengan daun, dipasang pada batang plastik. Pemakai memerlukan pin terpisah untuk melampirkan poppy pakaian mereka. Di Skotlandia bunga poppy melengkung di kelopak tanpa daun. Di Irlandia Utara, karena kehormatan poppy prajurit Angkatan Bersenjata Inggris dan karena Tun, itu dikenakan terutama oleh anggota-anggota Unionist dan masyarakat Protestan Irlandia.

Other Countries

Di Australia dan Selandia Baru bunga poppy melengkung di kelopak tanpa daun.

Di Ceylon - sekarang-hari Sri Lanka - dalam perang antar-tahun, ada saingan penjualan Suriya kuning (Portia pohon) bunga oleh Suriya-Mal Gerakan pada Hari Peringatan, karena dana dari penjualan opium tidak digunakan untuk Sri Lanka mantan -tenaga pelayanan tetapi dipulangkan ke Britania. Namun, kini penjualan opium digunakan untuk layanan pribumi mantan personil yang telah dinonaktifkan dalam perang sipil yang sedang berlangsung.

Di Amerika Serikat, Legiun Amerika membagikan kertas krep-poppies dengan imbalan kontribusi. "Poppy Day" biasanya sama dengan atau di dekat Memorial Day pada bulan Mei. Namun, banyak kelompok Legiun juga membuat poppies tersedia sekitar November 11.

Nama

"Hari Peringatan" adalah sebutan utama untuk hari di banyak negara-negara persemakmuran seperti Australia dan Kanada. Namun, "Hari Gencatan Senjata" juga tetap, sering untuk membedakan acara dari AlQur'an Minggu, dan merupakan peruntukan utama yang digunakan di Selandia Baru dan Perancis.

"Poppy Day" juga merupakan istilah populer digunakan, terutama di Malta dan Afrika Selatan. Hari Veteran juga jatuh pada hari ini di Amerika Serikat, namun banyak bangsa-bangsa serumpun lain cukup berbeda Hari Veteran.

Wikipedia

Readmore »» Hari Peringatan (Remembrance Day)

November 10, Heroes Day

Battle of Surabaya is a historical event of war between the Indonesian army and the Dutch troops. This major event occurred on November 10, 1945 in the city of Surabaya, East Java.

Japanese Army's entry into Indonesia
On March 1, 1942, Japanese troops landed on the island of Java, and seven days later, on 8 March, the Dutch colonial government surrendered unconditionally to the Japanese Kalidjati hereunder. Since then, Indonesia was occupied by Japan.

Proclamation of Indonesian Independence
Three years later, Japan surrendered unconditionally to the allies after the atomic bombs dropped (by the United States) in Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The incident occurred in August 1945. Fill the vacancy, then Indonesia proclaimed its independence on August 17, 1945.

The entry of English & Dutch troops
Rakyat Indonesia and the fighters trying to disarm the Japanese soldiers. Then comes the battles that took casualties in many areas. When the movement to disarm the Japanese troops were burning, September 15, 1945, British troops landed in Jakarta, and then landed in Surabaya on October 25. British troops were brought to Indonesia over the decision and on behalf of the Allies, with the task of disarming Japanese soldiers, freed the prisoners detained Japan, and Japanese soldiers repatriated to his country. But, in addition, British troops also brought Indonesia's mission to restore the Dutch government as a colony. NICA (Netherlands Indies Civil Administration) come ride with entourage British troops. That's what blew up the anger of the Indonesian people everywhere.

Incident at Hotel Yamato, Tunjungan, Surabaya
After the emergence of the government decree dated August 31, 1945 which stipulates that starting 1 September 1945 the national flag flown the Red and White continues in Indonesia, flag-raising movement expanded into all corners of the city.

At various strategic places and other places, one after another following the flag flown. Among others on the terrace Residency Office Building (Syucokan office, the building now Governorates, Jl Pahlawan) located in front of the building Kempeitai (now Tugu Pahlawan), on the Internatio building, followed by rows of young men from all parts of Surabaya that carries red and white flag come to Tambaksari (field Gelora 10 November) to attend a mass meeting organized by the Barisan Pemuda Surabaya.

At that time the full wave field Tambaksari red and white flag, with a cry of 'Free' buzzing in the sky. Although the Kempeitai prohibits the holding of the meeting, but they are not powerless against the spirit of the masses that the tempestuous. Flag-raising climax movement in Surabaya perobekan incident occurred on the flag in Yamato Hoteru / Hotel Yamato or Oranje Hotel, Jl. Tunjungan no. 65 Surabaya.

At first the Japanese and Indo-Dutch who had come out of the internment develop an organization, contact the Social Committee, which received full support from Japan. The formation of this committee is sponsored by the International Red Cross (Intercross). However, they take refuge behind Intercross political activities. They tried to take over the warehouses and some places they have occupied, like the Hotel Yamato. On September 18, 1945, came in Surabaya (Gunungsari) Allied officers and the Netherlands from Allied Command (Allied delegates) with the group Intercross from Jakarta.

Allies by the Japanese delegation was placed in the Hotel Yamato, Jl Tunjungan 65, while the party of Satan Intercross in Building, Jl Tunjungan 80 Surabaya, without permission from the Government of Surabaya residency. And since it was used as the headquarters hotel RAPWI Yamato (Rehabilitation of Allied Prisoners of War and Internees, Rehabilitation Assistance for POWs and internees).

Because his position was strong, a group of Dutch people under the leadership of Mr. WVCh Ploegman on the afternoon of September 18, 1945, precisely at 21:00, flying the Dutch flag (Red-White-Blue), without the approval of the Regional Government of the Republic of Indonesia, Bangkok, on a pole on the top floor Hotel Yamato, north side. The next day when the youth saw Surabaya, instantaneously exploding temper. They regard the Dutch wanted to stick back in the country kekuasannya Indonesia, and is considered abuse flag-raising movement that is taking place in Surabaya.

As soon as the news spread throughout the city of Surabaya, just a Jl. Tunjungan flooded with people, ranging from teenage students to young adults, all ready to face all possibilities. The mass continued to flow until the hotel crowded pages and pages full adjoining building mass with anger. A little to the hotel's rear yard, some Japanese soldiers appear just in case. The situation was very explosive.

Soon Resident Sudirman come. The arrival of fighters and accomplished diplomat who had served as Deputy Resident (Fuku Syuco gunseikan) is still recognized by the government Dai Nippon Thank Surabaya, as well as a Resident Local Government Surabaya Indonesia, the crowd parted and went to the hotel. He wants to negotiate with Mr. Ploegman and friends. In those negotiations Sudirman requested that immediately descended tricolor.

Ploegman refused, even with the rough-threatening, "Allied troops have won the war, and because the Netherlands is a member of the Allies, the Dutch government is now entitled to re-establish the Dutch East Indies government. Republik Indonesia? That we do not admit." As he raised his revolver, forcing Sudirman Ploegman to immediately go and let the Dutch flag still flying.

Seeing it was not profitable, youth Sidik and accompanying Hariyono Sudirman take tactical steps. Sidik kicked Ploegman revolver from his hand. Revolver bounced and exploded without hitting anyone. Sudirman Hariyono immediately brought out, while the prints continued to wrestle with Ploegman and strangle to death. Some Dutch soldiers barging in because we heard a pistol shot, and with a long sword and then toward disabetkan Sidik. Sidik had collapsed.

Outside the hotel, the young men who know about it immediately rush into the hotel and there was fighting in front of the hotel room. Some of the others, scrambling up onto the hotel to lower the Dutch flag. Hariyono initially with Sudirman involved in climbing the flag pole. Finally he shared Kusno Wibowo managed to reduce the Dutch flag, tore the blue, and hoisted to the top of the pole again. Welcomed the success of the mass of the people raising a red flag with a cry of white "Freedom" over and over again, as a sign of victory, honor and sovereignty of the state of RI.

Then the first battle erupted between the British army against Indonesia on October 27, 1945. Small attacks in the future it was turned into a general attack that nearly destroyed the entire British army, General DC before Hawthorn President Sukarno's call for help to ease the situation.

The death of Brigadier General Mallaby
After the ceasefire between the Indonesian and the British troops was signed on October 29, 1945, it gradually subsided. But despite the noise still occurs between the people and the British troops in Surabaya. Armed clashes with British troops in Surabaya, culminating with the murder of Brigadier General Mallaby, (led British troops to East Java), on October 30, 1945. Buick was boarded by Brigadier Mallaby was intercepted by a group of Indonesian militia when going through the Red Bridge. Because of a misunderstanding happens, it happens shootout that led to the British general's car was hit by gunfire erupted. The car was also burnt.

Ultimatum 10 November 1945
After the killing of Brigadier General Mallaby, his successor (Major General Mansergh) issued an ultimatum that is an insult to the fighters and the people generally. In the ultimatum stated that all the leaders and the Indonesian armed to report and put the gun in the specified place and gave himself up with his hands raised above. Limit the ultimatum is at 6:00 am on 10th November 1945.

Ultimatum was rejected by Indonesia. Therefore, the Republic of Indonesia when it was standing (although recently proclaimed), and People's Security Army (TKR) as a tool of the state have also been established.

In addition, many organizations struggle that has shaped society, including among the youth, students and students. Agencies that struggle has emerged as a manifestation of joint determination to defend the young republic, to disarm the Japanese troops, and to oppose the entry of return of Dutch colonialism (the ride with the presence of British troops in Indonesia).

On 10 November morning, British troops launched a massive attack and very powerful, with a mobilized some 30,000 soldiers, 50 aircraft, and a large number of warships.

Various parts of the city of Surabaya bombed, shot blindly with a cannon from the sea and land. Thousands of people became victims, many died and many more were injured. However, resistance fighters also raged throughout the city, with the active assistance of the population.

The British suspected that the resistance of the people of Indonesia in Surabaya can be conquered within 3 days, with modern weaponry deploy complete, including aircraft, warships, tanks, and armored vehicles are quite a lot.

However, unexpectedly, turned out to the public figures of the 'ulama' and Kyai Kyai cabin Java-like KH. Hashim Ash'ari, KH. Kyai Wahab Hasbullah-kyai and other boarding schools, students put their students and the general public (at the time people are not so obedient to the government but they are more docile and obedient to the kyai) there are also young pioneers such as Bung Tomo and others. Resistance so it can last very long, lasting from day to day and from week to another week. Resistance of the people who were originally done spontaneously and not coordinated, increasingly regularly. Large-scale battle takes up to a month, before the whole town fell in the hands of the British.

The bloody incident in Surabaya when it also had to move people's resistance across Indonesia to expel invaders and defend freedom. The number of fighters who have died and people who become victims when he was later remembered as Heroes Day.

From : Wikipedia

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Nazi memulai Kristallnacht

Pada tanggal 9 November 1938, dalam acara yang akan memberi pertanda Holocaust, Jerman Nazi meluncurkan kampanye teror terhadap orang-orang Yahudi dan rumah-rumah mereka dan bisnis di Jerman dan Austria. Kekerasan, yang berlanjut sampai November 10 dan itu kemudian dijuluki "Kristallnacht," atau "Night of Broken Glass," setelah jendela-jendela hancur tak terhitung milik Yahudi Pendirian, kiri sekitar 100 orang Yahudi tewas, 7.500 rusak bisnis Yahudi dan ratusan rumah-rumah ibadat, rumah, sekolah dan kuburan dirusak. Sekitar 30.000 orang Yahudi ditangkap, banyak di antaranya yang kemudian dikirim ke kamp konsentrasi selama beberapa bulan, mereka dilepaskan ketika mereka berjanji untuk meninggalkan Jerman. Kristallnacht mewakili peningkatan yang dramatis dari kampanye dimulai oleh Adolf Hitler pada tahun 1933 ketika ia menjadi rektor untuk membersihkan Jerman dari penduduk Yahudi.

Nazi menggunakan pembunuhan tingkat rendah diplomat Jerman di Paris oleh 17-polish tahun Yahudi sebagai alasan untuk melaksanakan serangan Kristallnacht. Pada 7 November 1938, Ernst vom Rath ditembak di luar kedutaan Jerman oleh Herschel Grynszpan, yang ingin membalas dendam untuk orang tuanya tiba-tiba deportasi dari Jerman ke Polandia, bersama puluhan ribu orang Yahudi Polandia lainnya. Menyusul kematian vom Rath, menteri propaganda Nazi Joseph Goebbels badai Jerman memerintahkan polisi untuk melakukan kekerasan kerusuhan menyamar sebagai "demonstrasi spontan" terhadap warga Yahudi. Lokal polisi dan pemadam kebakaran tidak diberitahu untuk ikut campur. Dalam menghadapi semua kehancuran, beberapa orang Yahudi, termasuk seluruh keluarga, bunuh diri. 

Dalam setelah Kristallnacht, Nazi menyalahkan orang-orang Yahudi dan didenda mereka 1 milyar tanda (atau $ 400 juta pada tahun 1938 dolar) untuk kematian vom Rath. Sebagai pelunasan, pemerintah menyita harta Yahudi dan menyimpan uang asuransi hutang kepada orang-orang Yahudi. Dalam upaya untuk menciptakan master ras Arya, ditetapkan pemerintah Nazi lebih lanjut kebijakan diskriminatif yang pada dasarnya tidak termasuk orang-orang Yahudi dari semua aspek kehidupan publik. 

Lebih dari 100.000 orang Yahudi melarikan diri dari Jerman untuk negara-negara lain setelah Kristallnacht. Masyarakat internasional sangat marah dengan peristiwa kekerasan November 9 dan 10. Beberapa negara memutuskan hubungan diplomatik sebagai protes, tapi Nazi tidak mengalami konsekuensi serius, yang menyebabkan mereka percaya bahwa mereka bisa lolos dari pembunuhan massal yang Holocaust, di mana sekitar 6 juta orang Yahudi Eropa meninggal.

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Sinar X Ditemukan

Pada tanggal 8 November 1895, ahli fisika Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen (1845-1923) menjadi orang pertama untuk mengamati X-ray, kemajuan ilmu pengetahuan yang signifikan yang pada akhirnya akan menguntungkan berbagai bidang, hampir semua obat-obatan, dengan membuat yang tidak tampak terlihat. Penemuan Rontgen terjadi secara tidak sengaja di Wurzburg, Jerman, laboratorium, di mana ia menguji apakah sinar katoda bisa menembus kaca ketika ia melihat suatu cahaya datang dari dekat layar dilapisi secara kimiawi. Dia dijuluki sebagai sinar cahaya ini yang menyebabkan sinar-X karena diketahui mereka alam. 

X-sinar gelombang energi elektromagnetik yang bertindak mirip dengan cahaya sinar, tapi pada panjang gelombang sekitar 1.000 kali lebih pendek daripada cahaya. Rontgen melakukan serangkaian percobaan untuk lebih memahami penemuannya. Dia belajar bahwa sinar-X dapat menembus daging manusia tetapi tidak tinggi kerapatan zat-zat seperti tulang atau memimpin dan karenanya bisa difoto. 

Penemuan Rontgen adalah label keajaiban medis dan sinar-X segera menjadi alat diagnostik yang penting dalam kedokteran, memungkinkan dokter untuk melihat bagian dalam tubuh manusia untuk pertama kalinya tanpa operasi. Pada tahun 1897, sinar-X pertama kali digunakan pada medan perang militer, selama Perang Balkan, untuk menemukan peluru dan patah tulang di dalam pasien. 

Ilmuwan cepat menyadari manfaat dari sinar-X, tetapi lambat untuk memahami efek berbahaya dari radiasi. Pada awalnya, diyakini X-ray melewati daging sebagai sebagai cahaya tak berbahaya. Namun, dalam beberapa tahun, para peneliti mulai melaporkan kasus luka bakar dan kerusakan kulit setelah terkena sinar-X, dan pada tahun 1904, Thomas Edison asisten, Clarence bermain-main, yang telah bekerja secara ekstensif dengan X-ray, meninggal karena kanker kulit. Lengah kematian disebabkan beberapa ilmuwan untuk mulai mengambil risiko radiasi lebih serius, tetapi mereka masih belum sepenuhnya dipahami. Selama tahun 1930-an, 40-an dan 50-an, pada kenyataannya, banyak toko sepatu Amerika fitur fluoroscopes pas sepatu yang digunakan sinar-X untuk memungkinkan pelanggan untuk melihat tulang-tulang di kaki mereka, tetapi tidak sampai tahun 1950-an bahwa praktek ini bertekad untuk menjadi berisiko. 

Wilhelm Rontgen menerima berbagai penghargaan untuk karyanya, termasuk yang pertama Nobel dalam Fisika pada tahun 1901, namun ia tetap rendah hati dan tidak pernah mencoba paten penemuannya. Saat ini, teknologi sinar-X secara luas digunakan di kedokteran, analisis bahan dan peralatan seperti pemindai keamanan bandara

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Anjing Mengonggong Kafilah Tetap Berlalu

Jadi teringat perkataan salah seorang dosen, kebetulan beliau inspirator dalam membuat blog. Ketika menulis banyak yang mengomentari di sana sini, itulah inilah beliau bercerita. Tapi beliau dapat menampik semua sindiran itu dengan "bukti nyata". Sekarang saya mengalaminya it's fine no problem. Dia beraninya cuma memakai no name tak berani sebut nama, bisa di bilang "lempar batu sembunyi tangan". Tapi setelah di tracking beberapa kali ada satu yang menjurus ke kota itu, sebuah kota pantai di kalimantan. what ever lah, show must go on. peduli amat apa kata dia, amat aja ga peduli, silahkan ngomong tentang apapun. i don't care about it.

Readmore »» Anjing Mengonggong Kafilah Tetap Berlalu

King Richard The Lion Heart

One of the most appropriate figures to be discussed in any discussion of the crusade is Richard the Lionheart! He ruled England only a short time (10 years) 1189-1199.Lahir with the original name Richard Plantagenet in Oxfordshire UK, 8 September 1157 (Richard's 19 years younger than Salladinyang born in 1138). Richard has English blood from his father and French from his mother.

Richard was a child to 2 of 8 brothers. Oldest brother died as an infant, so Richard was appointed as the heir Aquitane - a county / small area in southern France. Henry's younger brother became heir to the throne of England. He just rode born England d because he passed childhood to adulthood in Aquitane - French. Even the English language became the language of his number 2 after language so Perancisyang everyday language (even many wrote to say he is more fluent in Arabic than English)

At the age of 14 years Richard was appointed as the Duke of Aquitane. In 1183, his brother who became heir to the throne, Henry died at a young age, causing a dispute over the heir to the throne of England. Youngest brother of Richard, Prince John Lackland claim rights to the throne, but eventually fell to Richard's choice.

In 1189 he was appointed to be king of England at Westminster Abbey in London. In the same year he uttered his vow to continue the crusade after hearing the news of the defeat of Hattin in 1187 yrs. Richard only ever been in England throughout the 10-year reign for only 11 months. Consort, Queen Berengaria of Navarre, in fact never been to England at all. Unfortunately they were not the marriage produced children (although some anakKing Richard was born outside of marriage). Richard married Berengaria itself willing to support her father in campaignnya, though in fact've engaged with Princess Alice of France. Therefore, he is also known as "The Absent King


Continue from where the title of The Lion Heart was obtained by King Richard? Here's her story:
Post-battle of Ascalon, where he defeated the Sultan Saladin, in a state of exhaustion and have not been re-inforcement, Richard forces attacked again by the rest - the rest of Saladin's army which successfully re-group after a topsy-turvy before Saladin's army attacked. It is said that Saladin put about 7000 until the 8000 Arab kaveleri to attack him and his troops are tired after fighting mesih.

While in the King Richard, lived Crusader army has about 300 Men-At-Arms fresh plus about 50 of the Knights Templar to defend the city they had just won.

Mentioned when the Arab armies had Kaveleri last formation to make a full attack at the Crusader army, the Arab armies to see a Knight with a full weapons being alone far in front of the line was wearing Crusader.Knight shield and spear and then move toward the formation of the Arab cavalry was ready for a fight .

So the closer distance, the Arab armies alone recognize that Knight was King Richard himself! Then came the cry of victory from the Arab armies because they thought he came forward to surrender. However, he instead put his spear into the front and rode up to deal with the entire Arab kaveleri line at close range. Then he went one by one Arab Cavalry soldiers and challenged them berduel.Namun first person to be challenged even menundukan head, then he went to the next soldier, and so on until the shouts of victory fell silent all the Arab armies.

When he came face to face with Saladin, Saladin was smiling and then ordered the army to retreat. Top performance is spirited, Saladin then called Richard 'The Lionheart "or" The Heart of a lion ".

The historians wrote that the exhibition of courage on the day Richard was heartbreaking even Saladin Saladin was admired Richard.Selain also felt that although his army superior in number, but they also are too tired to fight anymore. Saladin strategically did not want to take risks to create a divided army forces, because the focus then was to defend Jerusalem

On the way back to England from Palestine, when Austria passed, Richard's captivity by King Leopold of Austria who had a dispute with Richard during the crusade. News of his arrest reached the ears of the Emperor of Germany. Leopold then 'sell' with a ransom captives of special 75.000marks to the Emperor of Germany. News disappearance of Richard made England overcome anxiety. Royal party then sent 2 bishops to investigate the presence of Richard's Catholic Church through the network. After a certainty the existence of Richard, then the negotiations for release begins.

Even the Pope at that time to intervene in the process of freeing him. Ransom of 150,000 marks had to be paid as a condition. The value is 3 times the annual income the British Empire (3 tons of silver equivalent). Richard returned to England as a hero. Despite failed to take Jerusalem, he managed to capture several important cities of SultanSaladin hand.

For a registration for Richard, his death and strangely enough happened in the "unconditional situation". It happened in Chalus, a feudal baron territory Aquitane subordinates. It began when the farmers there to find a treasure trove of gold coins patungdan. Baron local authorities had confiscated property and when the news reached him, he was angry and asked for the tribute and taxes on property meeting. The barons refused and he wrote also the Duke of Aquitane surrounded the castle Chalus.

When that Richard rode too close to the fortress of the castle without the protection shield shirt. At that time Richard saw an archer from the tower aimed at him. Surprisingly, he even stopped his horse, smiling into the archers then mangangguk as for giving orders to shoot him.

Arrow through the shoulders of Richard who strangely refused to be treated and also not ordered the attack on the castle Chalus. Dated 6 April 1199, Richard the Lionheart, the King and the Knights of died of wound infection by the arrows in Chalus.

From : http://iqbalsandira.blogspot.com/

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History of Metal Underground

16 years ago, Metal Underground, began to appear in the western music industry. Shown with 2 types of fast-paced and rhythmic'm (slow). 

Which is fast-paced "Thrash Metal" (usually called Speed Metal Metal & street). 

Thrash Metal carried by Metallica, Slayer, Exodus Anthrax, Nuclear assault. Thrash Metal now appears even more fierce again. 

Slow Flow Metal nicknamed "Heavy sludge sound" originally from Black Sabbath sound. Bands with this flow is Candlemass, St.. Vitus and Trouble. Now comes a variety of underground Metal styles, from the agressif and powered up with a sense of "New Millennium". 

Underground metal developed and spread to almost all parts of the world, even as he said an editor of music magazine "The development of this music as a branch of" McDonald "that there was almost around the world." 

Below them are the kinds of Underground Metal developed until now, as follows: 

Thrash metal 

Metallica is a band with this flow, as we know them have become industry icons BLACK ROCK with a phenomenal album. Until now Thrash Metal is one of the Underground Metal the most attention of Major Label (top recording industry). 

Influenced by bands from the UK, Thrash Metal the more developed in the U.S. (except Sepultura from Brazil). 

In the early 80s to produce flow of Thrash Metal-Masterpiece artistic masterpiece such as 

Master Puppets, Metallica (Elektra 1996), 

Reign in Blood, Slayer (American 1986), and 

Arise, Sepultura (Road Runner 1991). 

Slayer dinobartkan as The King of Underground Metal for 1 decade, and still revered to this day, but it may be, the band is the biggest Thrash Metal Pantera concert last official 101 proof (Eastwest). 

DEATH METAL 

Actually, the flow is suitable as a soundtrack for a horror movie. All Death Metal bands have a band name that was themed events mentioned above. Examples: 

Deicide, Entombed, Morbid Angel, Brujeria, 

Canibal corpse, Six feet under, Malevolent creations, Broken hopes, Obituary and Hiprocrisy. 

Grind Core 

This flow was first introduced by the end of Napalm Death-80's, a combination of Death Metal with Hardcore Punk, which contains the lyrics a lot of criticism of political criticism. 

Bands that carries this flow include 

And the Brutal Truth, Extreme Noise. 

METAL CORE 

With the accent and vocal melodies Stakato minimalist Hardcore, Metal Core is a combination of Thrash and Hardcore, Metal core music attracted the attention of American music community in the '90s with bands like Biohazard & MachineHead. 

PROGRESSIVE METAL 

Trash Metal flow is the most contrasting changes. This music brings the atmosphere Classic New Wave and 70's ArtRock with Jazzy melodies blend elements of the 19th century, Romantic music is classic, voiced with a high tenor vocals. 

Bands is adopted Hellowen from Germany, Gamma Ray, BlindGuardian, Angra, and the band DreamTheater America. 

Music is a bit slower than the flow is categorized DOOM including songs St.Vitus, Candlemass, Trouble. Variations of their music with 

'Slow' n 'Heavy Sound' produce unique sounds Phsycedellic, such as song Slo-Burn (album Slo-Burn, MalliciousVinyl). The bands 'DOOM' sometimes use synthesizers to produce the Gothic atmosphere (especially in the visualization Vocal) as shown in the song MyDyingBride 

(album Like Gods Of The Sun, Fierce / Mayhem) and 

Avernus (Album Of the fallen, MIA). 

BLACK METAL 

Birth of Metal Subteranian, in the early 80's with bands like Venom and Mercyful Fate, with lyrics vocal "Luciferian (satanic)". 

These bands show the dark side of heaven, appeared on the stage looking like a corpse or body painted like a skull. 

The flow of the music featured Dead-Earnest demonic with the lyrics of murder or the burning of the church (ihhhh dehh serem ...). Technically, the music they use the keyboard to produce sound with a fuzzy-wrenching vocals. Bands who embrace this genre include landmarks (album Anthems of the Welkin at dust, Century Media), Dimmu Borgir (Enthroned Darkness Triumphant, the Nuclear Beast) and Crade of Filth (Dusk and Her Embrance, Fierce / Mayhem).

From :

http://shamzrockinpeace.blogspot.com/

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Julius Robert Oppenheimer, inventor of the Atomic Bomb

Most people think the Albert Einstein was the inventor of the atomic bomb, but the inventor was J. Robert Oppenheimer. J. Robert Oppenheimer's name will always be remembered and praised the creation of a powerful destructive tool in the 1940s, the Atomic Bomb. Summer of 1945 when they will be dropped bombs on two Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki that made Japan surrender immediately.

Oppenheimer was born in New York City on 22 April 1904. He grew up in Ney York and attend school there ethnic culture. Initially, he was interested in the field of language and want to learn one of them summarily. In addition, he was also very interested in math and science, and more seriously than peers at it.

After graduating from Harvard University in 1925, Oppenheimer studied at Cambridge University in England and pursue a PhD in Germany. He returned to the United States in 1929 and began teaching at the University of California at Berkeley and the California Institute of Technologi.

Oppenheimer is very concerned with the rise of fascist forces in the 1930s and tried hard against it. In 1939, when the United States know that the Germans had succeeded in separating the atomic nucleus, which resulted in the Nazis could develop a powerful weapon in an extraordinary manner.

President Roosevelt to set up the Manhattan Project in 1941 to rival the Germans. In July 1942, Robert Oppenheimer was appointed as its director. Oppenheimer set up the research base to develop an atomic bomb and other weapons at Los Alamos, New Mexico. Meanwhile, another study was also conducted at Columbia University, the University of Chicago, and in Oak Ridge, Tennessee.

Oppenheimer invites experienced physicists to Los Alamos to work together to create the atomic bomb. Oppenheimer finally handle a team of experts consisting of over 3000 people. Dated July 16, 1945, Oppenheimer witnessed the first atomic bomb explosion in the desert of New Mexico, and some people say this is what changed world history forever. Distance month after the experiment, two atomic bombs dropped on two cities in Japan. So that Japan surrendered on August 10, 1945.

After the war, Oppenheimer led the Atomic Energy Commission United States. When President Truman approved the hydrogen bomb development program is more powerful level again, Oppenheimer opposed it. But the political temperature then heated and pressed.

December 21, 1953, Oppenheimer trial for charges of treason by the Soviet spies and also their resistance in the manufacture of hydrogen bombs. Although eventually the charge was not proven, it has security access revoked and his contract as adviser to the Atomic Energy Commission terminated.

In 1963, President Lyndon B. Johnson even gave credit to Oppenheimer, Enrico Fermi Award of the Atomic Energy Commission. Last Oppenheimer taught at Princeton University and retired in 1966. A year later he died of throat cancer.

* Atomic Bomb is not the inventor Albert Einstein, but Oppenheimer, Oppenheimer only use the theory of relativity as an inspiration. A lot of our misguided creators that Albert Einsteinlah atomic bomb. 

"Fat Man" is the code that dropped the atomic bomb on Nagasaki on August 9, 1945, 3 days after the first nuclear bombing in Hiroshima. The name is taken as a bomb design used, the model "Fat Man". This weapon is implossion-type with a core of plutonium. The bomb was detonated at an altitude of 550 m above the ground. Transported to the B-29 Bockscar, this bomb is estimated to have a yield equivalent to 20 kilotons of TNT.

This bomb has a long 3:25 m, 1:52 m in diameter and weighs 4630 kg. This bomb has several layers of explosives where there is a bomb in the center of plutonium in the sub-critical state, in the empty space, which is surrounded by high explosives, explosive type. A number of detonators placed on the surface of the explosives that triggered simultaneously. The resulting explosion produced pressure to the center of the bomb, so the density increases. This event will trigger the bomb-grade plutonium in the core become super critical and the chain reaction ensued to produce a nuclear explosion.

From :

666@IndoForum

http://www.indowebster.web.id/  

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Massacre Westerling I

Westerling massacre is the name for the murder of thousands of civilians in South Sulawesi by Dutch troops led Troepen Depot Speciale Westerling. This incident occurred in December 1946-February 1947 during the Counter insurgency military operations (crushing the rebellion).

Background
While ongoing Linggadjati Agreement, in areas outside Java and Sumatra, there remains fierce resistance from local people. Although many of their leaders arrested, exiled and even killed, the resistance of the people in South Sulawesi are not unremitting. Almost every night there and shooting attacks against defense outposts Dutch army. Dutch officials have been very overwhelmed, because KNIL soldiers since July to replace the Australian army, unable to overcome the incessant attacks Republicans. They convey to the Dutch military leaders in Jakarta, that if the Republican armed resistance can not be overcome, they must release the South Sulawesi.

Then on November 9, 1946, Lieutenant General Spoor and chief of staff, Major General Buurman van Vreeden called the Dutch government leaders in South Sulawesi to the army headquarters in Batavia. It was decided to send special forces from the DST to destroy the leadership of Westerling bersenjataRepublik power and discourage the people who support the Republic of Indonesia. Westerling was given full authority to perform their duties and take steps deemed necessary.

On 15 November 1946, Lieutenant Vermeulen led the group I consisting of troops from the 20th Special Forces Depot (DST) to Makassar. Previously, NEFIS had established his headquarters in Makassar. Special forces are conjunct to garrison troops who had formed KNIL since October 1945. DST members immediately began the task to track down intelnya struggle Republican leadership and their supporters.

Westerling had just arrived in Makassar on December 5, 1946, led 120 men from the Special Forces DST. He established his headquarters in the village Matoangin. Here he set the strategy for Counter insurgency (crushing the rebellion) in its own way, and does not stick to Voorschrift voor de uitoefening van de Politiek-Politionele Taak van het Leger - VPTL (Implementation Guidelines for the Army to task in the field of political and Polisional), where has no provisions regarding the intelligence tasks and treatment of residents and prisoners. An official guidebook for Counter insurgency.


Military operations

The first stage

The first Action Special Forces operations DST begins on the night of 11 before December 12. The goal is Batua village and several small villages east of Makassar and Westerling himself who led the operation. The first 58-strong army of people led by Sergeant-Major H. Borong Dolkens invaded the village and the forces led by Sergeant Major Instructor J. Wolff operate in the village and Patunorang Batua. Westerling himself with Sergeant Major Instructor W. Uittenbogaard assisted by two orderly, a radio operator and the 10 people waiting in the village staff Batua.

In the first phase, 4 o'clock in the morning and surrounded the area along with the signal lights starting at 5:45 in search of people's homes. All the people were herded into the village Batua. In this phase, which 9orang immediately tried to escape were shot dead. After walking several miles, at around 8:45 all the people of the village, searched desayang been collected in the village Batua. It is unknown exactly how many. Westerling reported that the numbers between 3000 until the later 4.000orang women and children were separated from men.

The second phase begins, which is looking for "the extremists, robbers, criminals and murderers". Westerling himself in charge of this action and talk to the people, which translated into Bugis language. He has a list of the "rebels" who have been prepared by Vermeulen. Customary Chief and Chief of the Village to help identify the names. The result is 35 people accused of directly executed on the spot. Westerling method is known as the "Standrecht" "trial (and execution) in place. Westerling said in its report that it had sentenced the 11 extremists, 23 robbers, and a murderer.

The third phase is a threat to the people to act in the future, the replacement of the village chief and the establishment of a village policeman who must protect the village from the elements "insurgents, terrorists and robbers". After that the people sent home to their villages. The operation which lasted from 4 o'clock until 12:30 o'clock 44 has resulted in the deaths of villagers.

Thus "sweeping a la Westerling". With the same pattern, people slaughter operations in South Sulawesi continues. Westerling also led his own operation in the village of Tanjung Bunga on the night of 12 before 13 Desember1946. 61 people shot dead. In addition several small villages around the village of Tanjung Bunga burned, so the death toll reached 81orang entirely.

Next on the night of 14 before December 15, Kalungkuang village turn located on the outskirts of the city of Makassar, 23 people people were shot dead. According to their intelligence reports, Wolter Monginsidi and Ali Malakka hunted by the Dutch army in this area, but they can not be found. On the night of 16 before the date of December 17, Jongayayang village located in the southeast of Makassar to the target. Here 33 people were executed.

The second stage

After cleaning the area around Makassar, the second phase of the action begins December 19, 1946. The goal is Polombangkeng located in the south of Makassar in which according to Dutch intelligence reports, there are about 150 military troops and about 100 paramilitary members berenjata. In this attack, troops stormed the DST with a platoon of 11 soldiers from the Army Infantry KNIL XVII. This raid led by Lieutenant Colonel KNIL Veenendaal. One army under the command of DST Vermeulen stormed the village Renajadan Komara village. Other forces locked Polombangkeng. Later the same pattern as in the first wave applied by Westerling. In this operation the 330 people killed.

Third stage

Action launched the third phase began on December 26, 1946 against Goa and conducted in three waves, namely dates 26 and December 29 and January 3, 1947. Here also is the cooperation between the Special Forces troops DST with KNIL. The death toll among the inhabitants numbered 257orang.

Emergency Pemberlakuaan

To further provide flexibility for Westerling, on January 6, 1947 General Spoor impose noodtoestand (emergency) for the region of South Sulawesi. The massacre of the people with sepertiyang pattern has been practiced by the special forces moved on and in many places, Westerling not only leading the operation, but people come to shoot dead alleged terrorists, robbers or murderers.

Mid-January 1947 the target is a market in Pare-Pare and continued in Madello, Abokangeng, Padakalawa, an unknown village, Enrekang, Talanbangi, Soppeng, Barru, Malimpung, and Suppa.

After that, there are still some villages and areas subject to the DST Special Forces, on 7 and 14 February in the coastal Tanette, on 16 and February 17 villages Bornong-Taraweang and Bornong. Then also in Mandar, where 364 residents were killed. Massacre of the "extremists" in the village escalating Kulo, Amperita and Maruanging where 171 people were killed without the slightest evidence presented their mistakes or motive for the murders.

In addition, the final actions, not all "terrorists, robbers and murderers" who were slaughtered on the list they received from intelligence agencies, but in vain the people who previously was in prison or jail for various reasons, taken out and collected along with other defendants to later murdered.

H.C. Kavelaar, a KNIL draft, was an eyewitness massacre in the square in Tanette, where about 10 or 15 people were killed. He watched, how Westerling himself shot dead several people with his gun, while another platoon diberondong by DST with the sten gun.

In all places, collecting data about the people who support the Republic, the Dutch intelligence is always aided by the natives who were willing for the sake of money and position. In the action in Goa, the Netherlands assisted by a village head, Hamzah, who remained loyal to the Dutch.

Events galung Lombok

Lombok galung deadly incident occurred on February 2, 1947. This is a massacre Westerling, who had swallowed the biggest casualties of all the victims who fell in other areas before. At the event, M. New Pabicara Joseph (PRI Advisory Board member) along with H. Ma 'ruf Baruga Priest, Solomon Baruga Kapala, Daaming Kapala Segeri, H. Nuhung Imam Segeri, H. Sanoesi, H. Dunda, H. Blocking, Mohammed Saleh, Sofyan, and others, resting on the tip of a bayonet and a target bullet. After that, then following a simultaneous massacre against the innocent people who participated were escorted to the venue.

All that does not include victims who were massacred up elsewhere, such as Daenan Salahuddin Abdul Jalil (Qadi Sendana), Pabicara Banggae Tambaru, Atjo Benya Pabicara Pangali-ali, three members of the Advisory Board of the PRI, Baharuddin Kapala Bianga (Leader of the House Defense PRI), Dahlan Tjadang (Chairperson of the Domestic Affairs of the PRI), and much more. Some are taken from the barracks Majene time and taken to galung Lombok and ended his life.

Ten days after the event commonly known as "event galung Lombok" that, following the ambush of eight men and women, namely Andi Tonra (Chairman of the PRI), A. Zawawi Yahya (Chairman of the Assembly Education PRI), Abdul Wahab Anas (PRI Political Council Chairman), Abdul Rashid Sulaiman (pro prosecutorial officials RI), Anas (biological father, Abdul Wahab), Nur Daeng Pabeta (head of the Bureau of Domestic Trade), Soeradi ( Central Executive Council members PRI), and seven days later also arrested Ibu Siti Djohrah Halim (Ayesha leadership and Mandar Muhammdyah Branch), which at the time the PRI became the Chairman of the Panel Kewanitaan.

Two of them were tortured and Tonran Andi Anas Abdul Wahab. While not Soeradi led to the gallows, but alternately tortured by five men NICA, until the last breath menghebuskan under Tonra witnesses and Andi Anas Abdul Wahab.

Post-military operations

General Spoor assess the state of emergency in South Sulawesi have been able to overcome, he said began February 21, 1947 reintroduced Voorschrift voor de uitoefening van de Politiek-Politionele Taak van het Leger - VPTL (Implementation Guidelines for the Army to task in the field of Politics and Polisional) , and the DST forces pulled back to Java.

With the success quell the extremists, both among the Dutch to any civilian military reputation and the Special Forces commander DST, Westerling soar. Dutch media reported in superlatives. When the troops came back to DST DST Headquarters on March 23, 1947, the military weekly Het Weekblad Militair flatter with the news: "The Turkish troops back." News releases Dutch themselves critical of the massacre in South Sulawesi, a new show for the first time in July 1947.

DST camp then moved to Kalibata, and after that, because it is already too narrow, then moved to Batujajar near Cimahi. Month October 1947 reorganization of the body performed the DST and the composition of the Special Forces and consists of officers from KNIL 2, 3 officers from KL (Royal Army), 24 noncommissioned KNIL, 13 noncommissioned KL, 245 soldiers and 59 soldiers KNIL KL. Dated January 5, 1948, the name was changed to DST Corps Troepen Speciale "KST (Corps Special Forces) and then also have paratrooper units. Westerling command larger units and more intense and the rank of Captain.

Victim

How many thousands of people in South Sulawesi who are victims of the violence of the Dutch army was not clear until now. In 1947, a delegation of the Republic of Indonesia told the UN Security Council, victims of the massacre of the population, conducted by Captain Raymond Westerling since December 1946 in South Sulawesi reached 40,000 inhabitants.

Examination in 1969 the Dutch government estimates that about 3,000 people were killed Sulawesi massacred by Westerling led the Special Forces, while Westerling himself said, that victims of acts committed by his troops "only" 600 people.

Westerling and his deeds, especially the army was able to escape from the demands of the Dutch Court of human rights violations because of actual terror acts are called contra-Guerilla, obtain permission from Lt. Gen. Spoor and Deputy Governor-General Dr. van Mook. So who actually is responsible for the massacre of the people of South Sulawesi is the Government and the Dutch Armed Forces.

Dutch army massacre in South Sulawesi, this can be incorporated into the category of crimes against humanity (crimes against humanity), which even now can be brought forward to the international court, because for the massacre of ethnic (Genocide) and crimes against humanity, there is no expiry date. Need pursued, the massacre was promoted to the International Criminal Court (ICC) in The Hague, Netherlands.

From :

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10 unsolved mystery

1. HUMAN EVOLUTION:
Where did humans come from? If you view the Bible from several religions in the world, it is very clear to say that God is the creator of human beings (Genesis Chapter 1). But how the process of creating it, exactly?

Charles Darwin never offered a theory that humans are evolved from apes. If so, then "should be" people will continue to evolve into a better mahlukyang. But in fact, already more than 2000 years, no changes in humans. Does that mean that evolution stopped?

2. Bimini Road:
The divers (divers) who would never see a path below the sea north of the island of Bimini in the Bahamas. Many people thought the track was made by nature. But the arrangement created a stone path follow-up question for being too "neat". Some experts suspect that the road is part of the City of Atlantis (as written by Plato several centuries ago). But to this day there has been no additional evidence for the existence of "lost city" is. And the Bimini Road is still in question: whether the road is made of natural or man? Who was the maker?

3. BALL LIGHT Marfa:
Also called "Ball of Light Ghost". First seen in 1880 in the western town of Marfa, Texas. The light was described by a basketball, floating with the human shoulder height. Usually white, yellow, orange, red, and sometimes blue or green. The balls used to fly around a particular area, then disappeared by itself. To this day, the light was still frequently appear. There is no explanation, what exactly were these lights.

4. THE MYSTERY OF LOST Jimmy Hoffa:
Known as the Labor leader's most influential Americans in the year 1950 - 1960, Jimmy Hoffa is a figure that has changed the face of American labor world. Dated July 30, 1975, Hoffa disappeared in Detroit and parking is never found again. One is teoriyang believed Hoffa was murdered by Jack Anthony Giacalone, a gang leader in New Jersey. Hoffa's body buried under the mentioned foundation stadium The Giants, Detroit. When carried out excavations in the foundations of the stadium, Hoffa's body was not found.

5. MOTHMAN:
Mothman is one urban legend is quite popular in Virginia. Mothman is described is a winged creature and the human level, red-eyed, sometimes appears without the head and chest merahnyaada eyes. First discovered in the burial ground in Virginia in 1926. To this day, the police are still receiving reports of the appearance of Mothman. Who is he? No one beholdeth know. In general, there never was a report that attacked someone Mothman.

6. Jack the Ripper:
Renowned as a mysterious killer in the year 1888, the identity of Jack the Ripper to this day is never revealed. The victim is a prostitute who was murdered in a way that fairly reliable mutilation and perfect, making the police think he is a surgeon. Despite his many books, films, and teoriyang published, the identity of Jack the Ripper remains mysterious and not a single proof that would explain the actual identity.

7. Babushka THE LADY:
If you've watched the recording the assassination of President John F. Kennedy in Dallas in 1963, look at the right corner of the recording of a woman veiled itu.Ada babushka (scarf made in Russia) who was recording the event. The woman was believed to be the person who has an important role in uncovering the case of the assassination of John F. Kennedy because he was in a position very close to the victim when the incident happened. In the tape, the woman seen holding the camera, and record the event.

Strangely, she never recovered. The FBI had asked her to hand over the tape to help the FBI find the murderer American President. But she never showed up. Who is he? How he could stand so close to the President's car? There is no one who knows to this day.

8. ZODIAC KILLER:
One of the most intelligent killer who was never caught up to this day is the Zodiac Killer. In 1960, Zodiac Killer to attempted murder of 7 people in Northern California. Five victims died, and two seriously injured. Initially, the police struggled to find the killer's identity. A month after the first murder, the killer sent a letter to the police and claimed he bernamaZodiac Killer, and challenged the police to arrest him.

After the killing action of the 7th, Zodiac Killer suddenly disappeared. Does he have killed? And who he really is? No one can explain.

9. OGOPOGO:
If Lake Loch Ness creature named Nessy has proved to be false, then it is different with Ogopogo. Creatures that are similar to Nessy (long-necked, large, and the head like a lizard) is a mysterious creature that appears in the Okanagan River, Canada. Many witnesses who managed to record a picture of this creature. But no one caught him. Creature who is also known by the name of this Naitaka now a mascot Keilowa Park, Canada. Is Ogopogo really exist? Is he a prehistoric reptile that was still alive? There is no concrete evidence that could explain its existence to this day.

10. SHAG HARBOR Incident:
Is a mysterious explosion incident that occurred in Shag Harbor, Nova Scotia, dated October 4, 1967. An object hit the Shag Harbor at 11:20 that night, causing a great explosion. There is no loss of life. The witnesses saw the object as "flying saucer". Not long later, the place was immediately closed. Canadian military immediately arrive. In an instant, the place was cleaned and immediately transported puing2. The incident is so covered up. What sebenarnyayang happened? Is it true that flying saucers are falling? Canada Government never issued any statement on this matter. And to this day, the mystery is never revealed.

From : http://www.indowebster.web.id/ 

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Salahudin Al Ayubi “Singa Padang Pasir”

 

Salahudin Al Ayubi atau sering juga di sebut sebagai “Saladin” di dunia barat, merupakan panglima perang Muslim yang dikagumi kepiawaian berperang serta keshalihannya baik kepada kawan dan lawan-lawannya. Keberanian dan kepahlawanannya tercatat sejarah di kancah perang salib.

Juli 1192 sepasukan muslim dalam perang salib menyerang tenda-tenda pasukan salib diluar benteng kota Jaffa, termasuk didalamnya ada tenda Raja Inggris, Richard I. Raja Richard pun menyongsong serangan pasukan muslim dengan berjalan kaki bersama para prajuritnya. Perbandingan pasukan muslim dengan Kristen adalah 4:1. Salahudin Al Ayubi yang melihat Richard dalam kondisi seperti itu berkata kepada saudaranya : ” Bagaimana mungkin seorang raja berjalan kaki bersama prajuritnya? Pergilah ambil kuda arab ini dan berikan kepadanya, seorang laki-laki sehebat dia tidak seharusnya berada di tempat ini dengan berjalan kaki “. Fragmen diatas dicatat sebagai salah satu karakter yang pemurah dari Salahudin, bahkan kepada musuhnya sekalipun. Walalupun sedang diatas angin tetap berlaku adil dan menghormati lawan-lawannya.

Sejarah Hidup Salahudin

Salahudin lahir disebuah kastil di Takreet tepi sungai Tigris (daerah Irak) tahun 1137 Masehi atau 532 Hijriyah. Bernama asli Salah al-Din Yusuf bin Ayub. Ayahnya Najm ad-Din masih keturunan suku Kurdi dan menjadi pengelola kastil itu. Setelah kelahiran Salahudin keluarga Najm-ad-Din bertolak ke Mosul, akibat ada konflik didalam kastil. Di Mosul , keluarga Najm bertemu dan membantu Zangi, seorang penguasa arab yang mencoba menyatukan daerah-daerah muslim yang terpecah menjadi beberapa kerajaan seperti Suriah, Antiokhia, Aleppo, Tripoli, Horns, Yarussalem, Damaskus.

Zangi berhasil menguasai Suriah selanjutnya Zangi bersiap untuk menghadapi serbuan tentara Salib dari Eropa yang telah mulai memasuki Palestina. Zangi bersama saudaranya; Nuruddin menjadi mentor bagi Salahudin kecil yang mulai tumbuh berkembang dalam lingkungan keluarga ksatria. Dari kecil sudah mulai terlihat karakter kuat Salahudin yang rendah hati, santu serta penuh belas kasih. Zangi meninggal digantikan Nuruddin. Paman Salahudin, Shirkuh kemudian ditunjuk untuk menaklukan Mesir yang saat itu sedang dikuasai dinasti Fatimiyah. Setelah penyerangan kelima kali, tahun 1189 Mesir dapat dikuasai. Shirkuh kemudian meninggal. Selanjutnya Salahudin diangkat oleh Nuruddin menjadi pengganti Shirkuh.

Salahudin yang masih muda dan dinggap “hijau” ternyata mampu melakukan mobilisasi dan reorganisasi pasukan dan perekonomian di Mesir, terutama untuk menghadapi kemungkinan serbuan balatentara Salib. Berkali-kali serangan pasukan Salib ke Mesir dapat Salahudin patahkan. Akan tetapi keberhasilan Salahudin dalam memimpin mesir mengakibatkan Nuruddin merasa khawatir tersaingi. Akibatnya hubungan mereka memburuk. Tahun 1175 Nuruddin mengirimkan pasukan untuk menaklukan Mesir. Tetapi Nuruddin meninggal saat armadanya sedang dalam perjalanan. Akhirnya penyerangan dibatalkan. Tampuk kekuasaan diserahkan kepada putranya yang masih sangat muda. Salahudin berangkat ke Damaskus untuk mengucapkan bela sungkawa. Kedatangannya banyak disambut dan dielu-elukan. Salahudin yang santun berniat untuk menyerahkan kekuasaan kepada raja yang baru dan masih belia ini. Pada tahun itu juga raja muda ini sakit dan meninggal. Posisinya digantikan oleh Salahudin yang diangkat menjadi pemimpin kekhalifahan Suriah dan Mesir.

Salahudin dan Perang Salib

Saat Salahudin berkuasa, perang salib sedang berjalan dalam fase kedua dengan dikuasainya Yerussalem oleh pasukan Salib. Namun pasukan Salib tidak mampu menaklukan Damaskus dan Kairo. Saat itu terjadi gencatan senjata antara Salahudin dengan Raja Yerussalem dari pasukan Salib, Guy de Lusignan.

Perang salib yang disebut-sebut sebagai fase ketiga dipicu oleh penyerangan pasukan Salib terhadap rombongan peziarah muslim dari Damaskus. Penyerangan ini dipimpin oleh Reginald de Chattilon penguasa kastil di Kerak yang merupakan bagian dari Kerajaan Yerussalem. Seluruh rombongan kafilah ini dibantai termasuk saudara perempuan Salahudin. Insiden ini menghancurkan kesepakatan gencatan senjata antara Damaskus dan Yerussalem. Maret 1187 setelah bulan suci Ramadhan, Salahudin menyerukan Jihad Qittal. Pasukan muslimin bergerak menaklukan benteng-benteng pasukan Salib. Puncak kegemilangan Salahudin terjadi di Perang Hattin.

Perang Hattin terjadi di bulan Juli yang kering. Pasukan muslim dengan jumlah 25000 orang mengepung tentara salib didaerah Hattin yang menyerupai tanduk. Pasukan muslim terdiri atas 12000 orang pasukan berkuda (kavaleri) sisanya adalah pasukan jalan kaki (infanteri). Kavaleri pasukan muslim menunggangi kuda yaman yang gesit dengan pakaian dari katun ringan (kazaghand) untuk meminimalisir panas terik di padang pasir. Mereka terorganisir dengan baik, berkomunikasi dengan bahasa arab. Pasukan dibagi menjadi beberapa skuadron kecil dengan menggunakan taktik hit and run.

Pasukan salib terdiri atas tiga bagian. Bagian depan pasukan adalah pasukan Hospitaler, bagian tengah adalah batalyon kerajaan yang dipimpin Guy de Lusignan yang juga membawa Salib besar sebagai lambang kerajaan. Bagian belakang adalah pasukan ordo Knight Templar yang dipimpin Balian dari Ibelin. Bahasa yang mereka gunakan bercampur antara bahasa Inggris, Perancis dan beberapa bahasa eropa lainnya. Seperti umumnya tentara Eropa mereka menggunakan baju zirah dari besi yang berat, yang sebetulnya tidak cocok digunakan di perang padang pasir.

Salahudin memanfaatkan celah-celah ini. Malam harinya pasukan muslimin membakar rumput kering disekeliling pasukan Salib yang sudah sangat kepanasan dan kehausan. Besok paginya Salahudin membagikan anak panah tambahan pada pasukan kavalerinya untuk membabat habis kuda tunggangan musuh. Tanpa kuda dan payah kepanasan, pasukan salib menjadi jauh berkurang kekuatannya. Saat peperangan berlangsung dengan kondisi suhu yang panas hampir semua pasukan salib tewas. Raja Yerussalem Guy de Lusignan berhasil ditawan sedangkan Reginald de Chattilon yang pernah membantai khalifah kaum muslimin langsung dipancung. Kepada Raja Guy, Salahudin memperlakukan dengan baik dan dibebaskan dengan tebusan beberapa tahun kemudian.

Menuju Yerussalem

Dari Hattin, Salahudin bergerak menuju kota-kota Acre, Beirut dan Sidon untuk dibebaskan. Selanjutnya Salahudin bergerak menuju Yerussalem. Dalam pembebasan kota-kota ataupun benteng Salahudin selalu mengutamakan jalur diplomasi dan penyerahan daripada langsung melakukan penyerbuan militer. Pasukan Salahudin mengepung Kota Yerussalem , pasukan salib di Yerussalem dipimpin oleh Balian dari Obelin. Empat hari kemudian Salahudin menerima penawaran menyerah dari Balian. Yerussalem diserahkan ketangan kaum muslimin. Salahuddin menjamin kebebasan dan keamanan kaum Kristen dan Yahudi. Fragmen ini di abadikan dalam film “Kingdom Of Heaven” besutan sutradara Ridley Scott. Tanggal 27 Rajab 583 Hijriyah atau bertepatan dengan Isra Mi’raj Rasulullah SAW, Salahudin memasuki kota Yerussalem

Di Yerussalem, Salahudin kembali menampilkan kebijakan dan sikap yang adil sebagai pemimpin yang shalih. Mesjid Al-Aqsa dan Mesjid Umar bin Khattab dibersihkan tetapi untuk Gereja Makam Suci tetap dibuka serta umat Kristiani diberikan kebebasan untuk beribadah didalamnya. Salahudin berkata :” Muslim yang baik harus memuliakan tempat ibadah agama lain”. Sangat kontras dengan yang dilakukan para pasukan Salib di awal penaklukan kota Yerussalem (awal perang salib), sejarah mencatat kota Yerussalem digenangi darah dan mayat dari penduduk muslimin yang dibantai. Sikap Salahudin yang pemaaf dan murah hati disertai ketegasan adalah contoh kebaikan bagi seluruh alam yang diperintahkan ajaran Islam.

Salahudin Al-Ayubi tidak tinggal di istana megah. Ia justru tinggal di mesjid kecil bernama Al-Khanagah di Dolorossa. Ruangan yang dimilikinya luasnya hanya bisa menampung kurang dari 6 orang.Walaupun sebagai raja besar dan pemenang perang, Salahudin sangat menjunjung tinggi kesederhanaan dan menjauhi kemewahan serta korupsi.

Salahudin berhasil mempertahankan Yerussalem dari serangan musuh besarnya Richard The Lion Heart, Raja Inggris. Richard menyerang dan mengepung Yerussalem Desember 1191 dan Juli 1192. Namun penyerangan-penyerangannya dapat digagalkan oleh Salahudin. Kepada musuhnya pun Salahudin berlaku penuh murah hati. Saat Richard sakit dan terluka, Salahudin menghentikan pertempuran serta mengirimkan hadiah serta tim pengobatan kepada Richard. Richard pun kembali ke Inggris tanpa berhasil mengalahkan Salahudin.

Sepanjang sejarah Yerussalem sebagai kota suci bagi tiga agama, sejak ditaklukan Salahudin, Yerussalem belum pernah jatuh ketangan pihak lain. Baru setelah Perang Dunia I, Yerussalem jatuh ketangan Inggris yang kemudian diserahkan ke tangan Israel.

Semasa hidupnya Salahudin lebih banyak tinggal di barak militer bersama para prajuritnya dibandingkan hidup dalam lingkungan istana. Salahudin wafat 4 Maret 1193 di Damaskus. Para pengurus jenazah sempat terkaget-kaget karena ternyata Salahudin tidak memiliki harta. Ia hanya memiliki selembar kain kafan yang selalu di bawanya dalam setiap perjalanan dan uang senilai 66 dirham nasirian (mata uang Suriah waktu itu).

Sampai sekarang Salahudin Al-Ayubi tetap dikenang sebagai pahlawan besar yang penuh sikap murah hati.

Sumber :

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